Working The Angles The Shape Of Pastoral Integrity

In today s culture the congregational expectations on a pastor are quite different from the vocational spiritual disciplines required for faithful pastoral ministry. The office of the pastor, for the congregation, has become nothing more than a managerial position of running a religious organization. In response to this Eugene Peterson offers his take on the distinctive work of the pastor and the practices that shape pastoral integrity. In his book, Working the Angles: The Shape of Pastoral Integrity, Peterson outlines the practices of prayer, Scripture and spiritual direction as the backbone of faithful pastoral ministry. The following will discuss these practice, there benefit to pastoral ministry and why Peterson call to these practice are important to pastors today. Peterson opens Working the Angles with three chapters on prayer. He critiques contemporary Seminary culture for training pastors to focus on the ministry of the Word and Sacrament. However, Peterson contests, â€Å"F or the majority of the Christian centuries most pastors have been convinced that prayer is the central and essential act for maintaining the essential shape of the ministry to which they were ordained.†1 For Peterson prayer is never the first word, but it is response to what God has already done and is doing. Therefore, the pastoral task is to restore prayer to this position of response through practice of praying the Psalms and other Scripture. It is vitally important that pastors make space forShow MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagessignifier (or expression) and the significate (or content) of the linguistic unit, but the second articulation can affect only the signifier of its corresponding unit. Monemes may be lexical or grammatical. The sentence We are working contains four monemes; the word working is constituted of the lexical moneme (or semanteme, or, as Mar* De Saussure s translator used the terms signifier/signified. The translator of Andrà © Martinet s Elements de linguistique gà ©nà ©rale prefers significans/significatumRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesManager s Day (B) (see handout provided by instructor) An International Project Manager s Day (C) (see handout provided by instructor) An International Project Manager s Day (D) (see handout provided by instructor) Ellen Moore (A): Living and Working in Korea 177 Ji nan Broadcasting Corporation 196 4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES 205 Quasar Communications, Inc. 207 Jones and Shephard Accountants, Inc. 212 Fargo Foods 216 Government Project Management 220 Falls EngineeringRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesat Ethics 22 Summary 23 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 24 Key Terms 24 HRM Workshop 25 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 25 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 25 Case 1: Work/Life Balance at Baxter 25 Working with a Team: Understanding Diversity Issues 25 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Acting Ethically 26 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 26 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Invasion of Privacy? 9 WORKPLACE ISSUES: We Are Now Entering the Blogosphere

Essay about Communication - 1427 Words

Communication Communicating means the passing on or receiving of information. Communication is important so that information, instructions, directions and requests can be passed between people and organisations. Internal and External communications This can be by verbal, non-verbal or written means between people within the same organisation e.g. change of venue for meeting, which is internal communication because the information sent around within the organisation. Text Box: [IMAGE]External communications take place between one organisation and another e.g. Order/delivery confirmation or from one†¦show more content†¦Advantages Disadvantages Parties can see each other; it is like a face-to-face meeting. Not all organisations have access to video conferencing equipment Saves people travelling to the same place, as you don’t need to be in the same place. Can be expensive to buy and run. This can be held between different countries. Saves travelling costs. Phone calls, this is a cheap and quick method of one to one communication as most people have access to a telephone either at work or at home. Advantages Disadvantages Quick Response. You don’t know who you are talking to. Nearly everyone has access to a phone. The Importance of Passing on Information It is important for a business that information is passed on correctly, quickly and securely. Poor or misleading sales and market information could lead a company to make a wrong decision in deciding their future business strategy. In a competitive market it is also important that you are first to have vital market information ahead of your competitors, as this gives you an advantage. Personal information must be stored correctly and securely and not passed onto other people without their permission. The storage and use of personal information is controlled by the Data Protection Act 1998. Examples ofShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Communication : Communication And Communication1345 Words   |  6 PagesHANDBOOK UNDERSTANDING COMMUNICATION TYPES OF COMMUNICATION METHODS OF COMMUNICATION INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION STYLES COMMUNICATION STYLES COMMUNICATION ROADBLOCKS HOW TO OVERCOME COMMUNICATION ROADBLOCKS THE DO’S AND DO NOT’S OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION HOW TO LISTEN EFFECTIVELY CONTENT PERTINENT TO SPORT STUDIES SYLLABUS SHELL PORTFOLIO EXIT EXAM STUDY GUIDES 3 AND 4 YEAR PLANS FOR MAJORS WRITTEN COMMUNICATION CHECKLIST ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS PURPOSE OF THE COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK TheRead MoreCommunication Is The Science Of Communication1066 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is important to strive in life, as well as, in integrated marketing communication. Human communication is described as having the creativity to contribute instead of the information. Creativity can help by making more efficiently with less. In a way, an individual has a collection of discoveries at their disposal (Downs, 1298). Mass communication plays a role in design. Moreover, mass communication and its activities are influenced by cybernetics. Cybernetics is the science of communicationRead MoreCommunication As A Communication Tool1043 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to the Topic The assigned reading for forum 5 discussed interpersonal and organizational communication channels in the workplace. The different types of communication are oral communication, formal written communication, non-verbal communication, and presentations. Satterlee (2013) shows the communication process to involve a sender, a receiver, meaning, encoding, the message transmittal, a channel, decoding, interpreting, and feedback. A successful leader will be able to communicateRead MoreCommunication And Human Communication1131 Words   |  5 PagesHumans, by nature, are social beings. Communication has been a part of people’s everyday lives long before conventional language, which are gestural and vocal, was even created. The first uniquely human forms of communication were pointing and pantomiming (Tomasello 2). These forms then have gradually evolved through the means of technology. Technology is known as the practical application of scientific knowledge in order to pro-duce goods and to provide services. This is one of the most powerfulRead MoreCommunication and Personality in Communication1434 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: COMMUNICATION AND PERSONALITY IN NEGOTIATION PAPER Communication and Personality in Negotiation Paper MGT/445 University of Phoenix Communication and Personality in Negotiation Paper Negotiation can take place anywhere and at anytime. Negotiations can take place at home, at work, with family members, with friends, and co-workers. â€Å"Negotiation is a process by which we attempt to influence others to help us achieve our needs while at the same time takingRead MoreReflection Of Communication And Communication1152 Words   |  5 Pages The first resources that I’ve learned from this course are using the multiple job websites online, we’ve had excellent communication between classmates on how we can benefit from using these sites out and look for specific jobs in our area. This will assist in work as a counselor because it will help in my networking about the city I currently work in and learning about how to make my resume stick out. The second fact that I’ve learned in this course is finding balance in your life so that youRead MoreCommunication Is The Language Of Communication1473 Words   |  6 Pagessaid, â€Å"The art of com munication is the language of leadership.† Communication is essential to business as well as interpersonal relationships. The ability to express oneself with coherence and cogency is of the utmost importance to your professional and personal success. Effective communication solves and also prevents problems. Think back to all those times you endured a conflict with a person or institution as a result of poor communication or a complete lack of communication. When people are notRead MoreInterpersonal Communication, Intercultural Communication And Communication1699 Words   |  7 PagesMy friend Vikas, told me everything he had to do and the struggles he conquered in order to make his own successful business here in the U.S. Some things he told be reminded me of interpersonal communication, intercultural communication, and intracultural communication. He had to have a lot of communication with his friend who also happened to be from India and some new friends and colleagues he met through his journey. Of course there was homesickness and the occasional depression, but that didn’tRead MoreCommunication Breakdown Of Communication1966 Words   |  8 Pages Communication Breakdowns â€Å"Effective communication is only 7 percent verbal and 93 percent non-verbal (the non-verbal is 55 percent body language and 38 percent tone of voice)† (Communication). There have been several compelling articles written by scholarly authors based on communication; a few examples of these literary works would be: â€Å"Mother Tongue,† â€Å"Sex, Lies, and Conversation,† and â€Å"The Ways We Lie.† When there are communication problems in any relationship, it will typically cause substantialRead MoreQuestions On Communication And Communication1815 Words   |  8 Pages1. Analysis 1.1 Communication Talking about communication involves talking about the identity of the person talking as a communicative being therefore about his right to communicate. In other words, for every subject speaking, the question is to know whether or not it makes sense for them to do so. If not, they would not exist as a subject. Sometimes norms, more or less institutionalized, help answering that question: for example, a lecturer presented as so in a conference finds himself entitled

Content Audit or Inventory Public Money

Question: Describe about the Content Audit or Inventory for Public Money. Answer: Introduction In large listed companies, public money is involved and so it is necessary that the financial information presented to the stakeholders is free from any material misstatements. An audit serves as a check on the compliance and includes areas like quality management and secretarial due diligence. The audit provides a fair opportunity for the evaluation of the risk management policies and also the effectiveness of the control and governance procedures. For all these reasons, an audit would be beneficial to the entity in more ways than one and hence it is considered to be indispensible. Involvement of the Audit The Audit involves an examination of the books of accounts, vouchers, documents and all such statutory records of the company by an independent auditor. This process helps in ascertaining the true and fair nature of the financial statements. The flaws in the internal controls, processes or the accounts are pointed out and the required measures for the proper maintenance as required by the law are explained by the auditors and the appropriate measures can be taken for the same. The Auditor performs the examination based on the substantive procedures and obtains evidences and evaluates the same based on professional judgment and the opinion of the auditor is communicated to the users through the audit report (Messier Emby, 2005). An auditor first obtains the understanding of the business, identifies the areas that could be potentially materially incorrect, verification of the accuracy of the account balances and transactions and appropriate disclosures, testing the effectiveness of the internal controls and deciding whether the accounting policies are reasonable, assessment of the reasonableness of the estimates and judgments based on which the financial statements are prepared by the management, evaluation of the significant events that have occurred after the balance sheet date and qualifying the audit report for any such material inconsistencies or disagreement with the management or violation of law (Kaplan, 2011). Auditor With reference to a company, the audit refers to the financial audit in which the auditor is required to report the users of the financial statements about the adequacy of the financial reporting and the statutory book keeping. The company can appoint any of the below who are having a valid registration with ASIC and qualified for auditor appointment: An individual (registered for company audit) or A firm or A company (authorized Audit Company). For becoming a registered auditor, years of professional studies and training is required. Even after becoming a registered auditor, the Continuous Professional Training and learning is a mandatory requirement. As auditors are synonymous with trust and integrity, misconduct and violation of principles becomes an offence and such auditors are disqualified and banned by ASIC to perform any audits. A list of such banned auditors is available on the ASIC website. The appointment of auditor is usually done by the shareholders in a general meeting but if they fail to do so, then the directors may appoint the auditor. The first auditor of the company is usually appointed by the Board of Directors within one month from the registration of the company who holds office until a general meeting of the company in which either a new auditor is appointed by the members or the existing auditors appointment or term is confirmed (Parker et. al, 2011). An Auditor holds office until he is removed by the company as per S.329 or the auditor is deceased or the auditor obtains the consent of ASIC to resign as per S.342 or the auditor has to retire from office according to a few provisions covered by S.327 or if the company is winding up or the auditor suffers incapability due to the Corporations Act, Division 2 Part 2M.4. Third party (the auditor) access to their confidential business information Auditor is covered by the statutory responsibility to carry out a verification and examination of the books of accounts and financial statements. An auditor can obtain all such information that is necessary for conducting the audit. The basic qualities that every auditor is expected to possess are integrity, objectivity, confidentiality, knowledgeable and independence. According to these guidelines, where the auditor has obtained knowledge of business during audit, such knowledge should not be used by the auditor in setting up a business for his own benefit or shared with relatives of the auditor or with the entitys competitors. In such way, confidentiality is a necessary requirement due to which the profession of auditors is looked upon with respect. Hence, a good auditor does not indulge in such practices and so it is completely safe to entrust the auditor books of accounts and all other such information required for carrying out the audit. Non-audit of the accounts With the expansion in international trade, business structures have become complex and dynamic; there might be various laws and regulations subject to the business and a proper understanding and compliance of the same is required to prevent big sums of penalties. The innumerable amendments and updating of the legal provisions might anytime trigger the requirements of lodging returns or such other compliances without the Corporate realizing it. There are even companies that run business for years without the knowledge of legal provisions and then suffer a costly compliance exercise (Heeler, 2009). When it comes to a sole trader business or even a small partnership set up, audit might not be mandatorily required. But once a company is formed, it is governed by the ASIC on one side with reference to the taxation matters and the Corporations Act on the other side for all the compliance related matters. As the Board of Directors is busy with day to day affairs of running the business profitably, accounts are often overlooked. Hence, audit is required for Businesses to find out how they are performing. The Shareholders or members of the company have entrusted the running of the business on the Directors. If accounts are not audited, the shareholders might point out to the Directors for any fraud or mismanagement or financial irregularities (Gilbert et. al, 2005). If audit is carried out, the management is given a report of the potential lapse in the internal controls along with the recommendations for rectifying the same thus reducing the risk intensiveness of the entity (Gilbert et. al, 2005). Overall the productivity, efficiency, cost effectiveness, proper and systematic tax planning can all be done by conducting an audit. When the company tries to obtain a bank loan, or is having talks for mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures or such other proposals, then audited financial statements are valued and also lend credibility. If audit is not done, there are chances to miss out on a profitable venture. Thus if an audit is not carried out, then all these benefits will be zeroed down. Audit by Jane Jane is holding 40% shareholding in the company and is also in charge of the day to day management of the company. Even as per the code of ethics, a partner or relative of any of the directors cannot perform the audit to ensure the quality of independence is maintained (Baldwin, 2010). As Jane is a shareholder and also in charge of the management, it is not possible that Janes mistakes are discovered by Jane herself. For this reason also, Jane cannot conduct the audit herself. Even if Jane is a qualified auditor, she cannot perform the audit for the above stated reasons. Using of any information beforehand by any officials is a serious offence. In case the auditors found misusing the business information in any way, for financial or non financial interest, then the client company or the entity can sue the auditor for professional misconduct. This might even lead to ASIC disqualifying or banning the auditor which brings disrepute to the auditor. Confidentiality and independence are considered to be the key traits of an auditor without which the auditor cannot become successful. Therefore, considering such dispute it is essential that the company should have different auditor so that any problem is created. Audit by firm For conducting the audit, one of the crucial factors is independence. This quality requires that the auditor conducts the audit without being influenced by any financial or any other factors that could lead to a biased opinion. Thus if an independent party is appointed as the auditor, who is neither a relative of any of the shareholders or directors or materially interested in the company, then such audit would provide an effective opinion as to how an outsider would look at and analyze the business (Cappelleto, 2010). Choosing a particular firm will create plenty of advantages for the business because it lead to immense transparency and hence, will create a strong level of trust. There could also be cases where the business is currently running profitably and economically, but the auditor has seen cases of potential default in some other clients and companies and so the awareness about the same can be passed on to the existing client and sufficient due diligence exercise can be carr ied out to prevent such defaults due to which other companies have suffered. Audit by firm carries a great deal of advantage because proper information is provided and hence, it intimates the related parties about any adverse situation. Moreover, it enhances the goodwill of the company. Audit by firm leads to better understanding and a level of professional accuracy is maintained because in the case of any fraud or negligence, the firm will be held liable and responsible. Therefore, an audit by firm helps the business to prosper. Conclusion From the above report, it is clear that the selection of auditor must be done with precision because the entire process of reporting depends on it. The involvement of the auditor and providing an independent decision is important therefore, before selection of auditor it must be kept in mind that the auditor should not be related. From the above report, it is clear that Jane is a shareholder and hence cannot be an auditor because of the vested interest. It will impact the quality of the decision. References Baldwin, S 2010, Doing a content audit or inventory, Pearson Press. Cappelleto, G. 2010, Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia, AFAANZ, Melbourne Gilbert, W. Joseph J and Terry J. E 2005, The Use of Control Self-Assessment by Independent Auditors, The CPA Journal, vol.3, pp. 66-92 Heeler, D 2009, Audit Principles, Risk Assessment Effective Reporting, Pearson Press Kaplan, R.S. 2011, Accounting scholarship that advances professional knowledge and practice, The Accounting Review, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 367383. Messier, W Emby, C 2005, Auditing Assurance Services: A systematic approach, McGraw-Hill. Parker, L, Guthrie, J Linacre, S 2011, The relationship between academic accounting research and professional practice, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 5-14.

None_provided Essays (1627 words) - Childhood, Social Psychology

None_provided It is difficult for a child to grow up without experiencing some form of gender bias or stereotyping. When in school, many of their ideas and beliefs are reinforced by their friends, teachers, and other adults. For example, when teachers ask their students to form two lines, there is usually one line for boys and the other for girls. When children play, they avoid playing with the opposite sex because they prefer the company of their own kind. The result is a self-imposed segregation between boys and girls. Research has been done on this phenomenon. Many sociologists have been trying to explain gender roles and differences. Some say sex differences are biologically determined and some believe they are socially constructed. Children behave accordingly to their gender roles as early as two or three years old. From preschool on up to middle-school, children live in two separate worlds-- girls and boys. Inside the classroom, children often chose to sit with others of the same sex. This s eparation is also seen outside of the classroom-- boys played with other boys and girls with other girls. Barrie Thorne who wrote, Girls and Boys Together...But Mostly Apart: Gender Arrangements in Elementary Schools, states that the separate worlds exist as a result of deliberate activity (p. 140). Boys and girls have separate tables where they sit in the lunchroom. If a boy were to sit on one of the girls' tables, he would be laughed at or called a girl by other boys. Thorne explains that teachers and aides use gender as a basis for sorting children and organizing activities. They have math and spelling contests where boys compete with girls and sometimes children are lined up separately when walking down the halls. Other studies have distinguished between aspects of stereotypes by separately asking about what is typical in girls and boys versus what would be ideal. For example, Rothbart and Maccoby (1966) assessed parents' opinions about differences that actually exist between bo ys and girls and differences that should exist. Similarly, Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) were interested in comparing parents' beliefs about sex differences in young children with how desirable certain characteristics are for girls and boys. They reported that the characteristics perceived as being typical of boys and girls were quite different. Typical boy behaviors were being noisy, rough, active, competitive, defying punishment, and enjoying mechanical objects. Typical girl behaviors were helpful, neat and clean, quiet, well-mannered, crying, and being easily frightened. In contrast, parents reported that it was important for both boys and girls to be neat and clean, helpful, to take care of themselves, not to cry, to be competitive, and to be thoughtful and considerate. These results lead Maccoby and Jacklin to speculate that parents may be trying to socialize children of both sexes toward the same goals. In my field research, I observed children in an elementary school in order to understand how gender roles are formed, especially at an early age. I went to Hollingworth Elementary School in West Covina, California. This is the school I went to during my years in elementary. The school is only a ten-minute walk from my house in Los Angeles. The children I was most interested in studying were from the ages of six through eight-- first and second graders. I took on the view from a distant position, being a complete observer. I went to the school during their lunch hour, observing the children during their recess time. I only had a notebook and pen in order to write down what I observed. I situated myself on one o the planters located to the side of the blacktop, near the handball courts. Before starting my observation, I went to the principal's office to inform them of my research project. They were very accommodating and told me I was able to observe the children from a distance. I did not spend five hours in one day observing the children. Instead, I went to the school during the week and observed them about an hour each time. The role I took on as a complete observer did not pose any problems. A few children looked and stared at me, probably wondering what I was doing

Definition of Marketing

Definition of Marketing According to American Marketing Association, marketing involves identifying the items and services that customers prefer. After identifying the items and services, an approach is then developed for pursuing customers to make the purchase. For marketing to be successful, it has to quench the customers’ needs (Kotler Keller, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Alternatively, marketing can be defined as the course through which organizations increase the worth of their items and services to attract the attention of customers. Additionally, the Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as one of the tasks assigned to management and includes discovering, looking forward to and satisfying customer needs with the aim getting returns (Mohan, 2005). Once the marketer has discovered customers’ needs, he/she should strive to improve the quality of the goods and services. The next step entails informing the customers about the item and service whose value has been improved to meet their needs. Kotler and Keller (2009) argue that the main objective of marketing is to sensitize the public about the existence of a given item or a service. This awareness can be spread through advertising and there are many channels of advertising, which include the Internet, radio, television, posters, and billboards. When marketing an item its important to focus on the needs of the potential customers because this is what will make them want to buy the good or service. Exaggerating the features of an item or service will only drive customers away because they will feel as if they are helping someone achieve his/her sales targets. After addressing the needs of the customers, they will probably be content and refer the goods or services to their friends, which will eventually lead to organizational development. The above statement may sound too good to be true, but analyzing it from another perspective confirms that it is actually true. For instance, if an organization that sells farming equipments satisfies the needs of several customers by making the equipments more durable, the contented customers will refer other farmers who are in need of durable equipments the organization supply. As time moves by, the customers will swell and the organization will have to make more farming equipments to meet the increase in demand. Additionally, more employees will have to be brought on board to help the organization achieve its mission. In this regard, marketing is important to any given organization and thus, the success of a business rests on its marketing techniques. First, Mohan (2005) states that marketing tells the outside world about the goods and services that can be obtained from a certain organization. This suggests that people cannot tell what an organization deals with, unless they hear from the organization itself.Adve rtising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This sensitization is usually achieved at a cost, but the benefits sought after are worth the expenses. For instance, Toyota is the leading automaker and currently, the company is developing a model powered by a lithium battery. Thus, the company has to inform the public about this initiative. However, there are companies that do not need to market their items and services because they have been in the industry for so long and have a good reputation. Similarly, marketing is perceived to have a positive influence towards increasing the revenue generated from the sale of an item or service. In fact, customers cannot buy unfamiliar items or services. When a new items or services are introduced in the market, the customers are reluctant to purchase it because they do not know anything about it. Marketing therefore helps to increase the sale s earned from a given item/service. According to Bell (n.d.), informed customers are most likely to buy an item, and the more they are informed the more they buy. The customers will make the purchase for various reasons. Some will purchase the item or service just for the sake of trying it, while others may want to confirm what they hear their friends say about the product/service. Furthermore, marketing ensures that people are aware about a particular item or service and the benefits that come with it. For instance, when Samsung introduced plasma TV, it had to sensitize the public about this item through commercials that were aired in TV stations, billboards and the Internet. The cost of advertising was high, but its nothing compared to the revenue that was earned from the increase in sales. Marketers anticipate that the sales will continue to increase as the awareness campaigns increase. This is because there are people who have not yet heard about this product and they will proba bly purchase it once they are informed about it. Lastly, marketing enhances the reputation of an organization. This is because organizations use marketing as the platform to familiarize the public with their brand name. This is because people loyalty to brand names that are marketed intensively. People refer to their familiarity with a given brand to gauge its reputation and thus, they cannot trust items or services that sound or look foreign to them (Kotler Keller, 2009). For instance, customers who wish to buy mobile phones may prefer the most common models such as Nokia, Samsung, Motorola and Apple. This is because they are familiar with these brands and they know where to get the accessories that are compatible with these brands. This suggests that no one wants to be the first to use a new brand and thus, every one wants to try what others have already tried.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Bell. P. (n.d.). Importance of Developing a Marketing Strategy Plan. Web. Kotler, P. Keller, K. L. (2009). Marketing Management (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Mohan, J.K. (2005). International Marketing. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Nichomean ethics book IV essays

Nichomean ethics book IV essays In book VII, Aristotle discusses pleasure and pain. Aristotle says a philosopher must study pleasure and pain since he is an architect of the end. Aristotle informs you that children and animals pursue pleasures. Pleasure is not a chief good because it is not an end, but a coming to be. I believe that Aristotle states that children and animals pursue pleasures because he believes there minds to be uneducated in knowing what the virtues of life are and they enjoy simple pleasures because they can not see nor comprehend the grand scheme of life. Pleasure is not a chief good because it does not follow the proper guidelines to be a chief good. Pleasure is a short-formed way for someone to feel happiness for a temporary amount of time. They may achieve this by doing a simple action and experiencing the good produced by such action. One may find walking down a scenic route pleasurable but, once the walk is over the pleasure experienced will also be gone where the chief good will leave you feeling well for an infinite and indefinite amount of time. It is also said that not all pleasures are good. I agree with this statement. If one likes to smoke and every time one smokes, the chemical reaction caused by ingestion of cigarette brings pleasure to him. Now, the action of smoking ultimately pleasures him but he is surely poisoning himself. In some societies is perceived as dirty to smoke while in previous decades it was a refined habit to perform. Aristotle points out that there is a relativity of pleasure to remedy the situation. So pleasures depending on what they are i.e. (smoking, drinking, promiscuity)used to aide in the dealing with pain may in turn be a crutch or vice taking one further from the chief good by clouding judgment and sense of well-being. So even though some pleasures are bad there is no reason why some should not prevent on from ...

Introduction to Florida History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to Florida History - Essay Example Martin Luther King, under Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) commenced an immense campaign to lend support to local civil rights movements. The objective of Dr. King was twofold: that in addition to ending local desegregation, the media attention given to the city would gather support nationally for the 1964 Civil Rights Act which had then stalled in congress. What happened is that, in 1963, under the leadership of Robert Hayling an advisor to the city’s branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored people (NAACP) started the campaign to pressure to end segregation in St. Augustine. They organized demonstrations; sit-ins and pickets against segregated businesses. Perfect opportunity to air their grievance was presented in 1963 as the city was preparing its 400th year anniversary. Municipal officials intended to showcase only â€Å"acceptable† history, of which segregation was deeply inculcated. City leaders left blacks from the celebrati on preparations, jolting the local NAACP chapter to write to President Lyndon Johnson asking him to cancel his planned visit because no blacks were involved, and the city leadership had refused to form a biracial committee. As a result, White supremacists led by Ku Klux Klan (KKK) responded with violence against them. The major confrontation resulted from Haylings opposition to the federal funding to the city’s celebration. The white supremacists were angered, and violence resulted. Gunshots were fired at Dr. Haylings’ home, with armed white ruffians shooting at black neighborhood, which led to the death of one of the armed whites and charge of four blacks for the murder. There was an escalation of the racial disharmony that culminated the arrest and indictment of Haylings by a grand jury which blamed him and other activists for the racial crisis that was being witnessed then. As a result, SCLC decided to conduct seminars to give a workshop on non-violent protest. As a ll this was happening in 1963-1964, national media attention had been turned on St. Augustine. This media attention made old city more vulnerable to racial crisis as both the civil rights and white supremacists turned their guns there. Dr. King personally took charge of the demonstrations in May 1964, arriving together with his assistant Rev. Ralph Abernathy and other civil rights leaders. Their arrival gave momentum to the civil right movement and exploited the media attention that was directed at the city. St. Augustine was turned into a racial battleground. SCLC sent nationwide calls for volunteers to join in the protest. SCLC demonstrations infuriated the whites after they interrupted the lucrative tourist businesses, and, therefore, the scale of violence and unrest increased. These scenes were being televised to a shocked nation. SCLC leadership rejected calls by a grand jury to leave the city, on grounds that SCLC had disrupted the racial harmony. However, they agreed to leave after Florida Governor C. Farris Bryan, had promised to form the biracial committee in 30th June 1964. In addition to the media coverage, this racial unrest was perfectly timed to coincide with the demonstrations that were taking place in other U.S cities. The senate was also debating the motion to end the filibustering by the southerners. At the same time, black right lawyers began winning courtroom battles, with Judge Bryan Simpson ruling severally in favor of civil rights activists, encouraging black lawyers to bring cases against the white supremacists. His decision culminated in the injunctions and orders that brought the community under control. Therefore, Dr. King used the media atten

The Three Eras of Law Enforcement Research Paper

The Three Eras of Law Enforcement - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss the three eras of law enforcement looking at different aspects of the historical context of police, which will better help with understanding of how economic, political and social forces have molded the social policing institutions. The paper will also focus on the different transformational periods that law enforcement has undergone to be what it is today. The 1840-1930 political era has been associated with five main aspects namely the fact that authority came from law and the politicians, foot patrols were extensively used, the social service function was broad, there existed a strong connection between the force and the community and it also portrayed a decentralized organization. The political era’s main disadvantage lay on the aspect that the police authority mainly depended on the law and politics; on the other hand, the close political connections also presented certain challenges. For example, in New York regular officers even under the directive of a superior police officer could not be dismissed. The chief’s tenure was mainly limited to a year. Therefore, any early New York police officer who had strong political support could directly disobey the directives of his commanding officer. As compared to the British officers who were worried about things like wearing disorderly uniforms, showing up for work late and behaviors considered as disorderly to citizens, their American counterparts were assaulting their superiors, releasing their prisoners from other police officers custody and extorting money from the citizens. It is unnecessary to point out that during this era; corruption became a major issue in law enforcement. The biggest underlined factor for corruption was the soils system that had a motto that suggested that to the victor goes for the spoils. This ended up causing unrefined interruptions with the law enforcement. For example, there was an impression by

The terms Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

The terms Race and Ethnicity Essay The terms Race and Ethnicity are vastly different in meaning. Regardless of their historical definitions which can be lengthy and tend to run off on many tangents. Race to me simply is based on physical characteristics. The color of ones skin, the bone structure, eye color and shape, or texture and color of ones hair. The physical makeup of a person determines their origin of race, for example Black, White or Asian. Race is simply our biological composition. Ethnicity on the other hand is based in culture, where a persons ancestry developed, their national origin being foremost and then their learned culture and background over time becomes ones ethnic makeup. Examples of this are Hispanic, German, Scottish, English, Mexican, or Jewish. For instance I am White but also German, Irish and Dutch and through my family history there are cultural traditions carried on in each generation that have become part of my ethnicity and make me unique but also group me with people from my -specific ethnic background. Ethnicity means sharing cultural similarities such as language, cuisines, dress and traditions that are part of a national culture. As far as the ways these concepts are important to the United States society, there are many, however not all of them are positive. These concepts are important to the United States society because people are recognized for the diversity of their race and culture as represented by each individual group. In my opinion race has been and is still used to determine power in our society and always brings separation by the ways in which its distributed. Classes are formed and people are either lifted to a higher level of class based on their skin color or race of origin and others are suppressed and disallowed to climb higher in society by the same racial definitions. I believe the biggest importance in our society regarding both race and ethnicity is the way people are treated regarding healthcare and the glaring class separation. Whole sections of people can be made to feel alienated or be made to feel inferior if society fails to bring diverse groups together as one mainstream society. Ethnicity as I have seen it has brought groups closer in society. People of diverse nationalities seem to stick together and celebrate their diversity in close knit groupings, gathering at holidays to share cultural traditions. Choosing cohabitation in neighborhoods of common nationalities and cultures, forming alliances with similar fellowships and even encouraging social activities within cultural groups. Everyone can learn from anothers culture and bring their own knowledge to the table to share with others. Our country was founded on diversity and the common understanding that we are all different and all deserve the same respect for our individual values. In order to ensure success in the future of our country we need to broaden our thinking and teach tolerance and appreciation for our differences.

Free Essays - William Gibsons Neuromancer :: Neuromancer Essays

Neuromancer Neuromancer revolutionized the way people look at technology. Many people were scared of "cyberspace". They felt it would change the way the world was run. Some even thought that meals would begin to be served in pill form, and the world be ruled by darn dirty primates. Throughout Neuromancer we see a very vivid dystopia. We see our first sign of the dystopia in chapter one. It begins with Case, whose name fits him very appropriately. He treats his body as an object. He uses it just to log onto cyberspace. Case has been injected with a poison that keeps him from surfing through cyberspace. This has created a dystopia within Case. He used to make his living through cyberspace. He now injects himself with drugs in an attempt to try and find a cure. Another way we see the dystopia through Case is the room he lives in. They are called coffins, which is a very appropriate name. These rooms are extremely small. Another sign of dystopia is when Case goes to Japan in hopes of finding a cure on Japan's black market. They have a big supplier of organs there. This demonstrates the struggle in Japan. In Case's time there is such a high demand for organs that they will sell them illegally over the black market. The black market most of the time represents the scum of society. There crime runs rampant. People will get killed for their organs, just so someone can make a few extra dollars. The next sign of this book being a dystopia is Ratz. He is supposed to represent the experiments that society is playing on the people. His body is composed of mostly artificial goods. Gibson named him Ratz too, because he represents the "lab rat" of the book. He is supposed to represent what society will do to you if you give in to it. He has no control over what he has become, just like the little "lab rat". Another sign of dystopia is the way the computers have changed everything. The computers run people's lives in Neuromancer. It seems no matter where Case goes there is always someone watching him. Wintermute has the phones ring one time when Case walks by. This demonstrates the power that the Ai's have in Neuromancer. The artificial intelligence is another example of the dystopia in Neuromancer.

Authentic Freedom Essay

A human being is free to do as what they please! That’s just an interpretation of authentic freedom. All too often humans think of freedom as a free for all. Authentic freedom is does not mean doing what one wants when one wants to whom one wants, but rather it means, understanding who one is , that a human being is not alone and here to contribute to society. Authentic freedom is a paradox, one that will make you think, but not a contradiction. The more freedom a human being has, the more one is called to respond. â€Å"Freedom is exercised in relationships between human beings. Every human person, created in the image of God, has the natural right to be recognized as a free and responsible being. All owe to each other this duty of respect. The right to the exercise of freedom, especially in moral and religious matters, is an inalienable requirement of the dignity of the human person. This right must be recognized and protected by civil authority within the limits of the common good and public order (Catechism, 1732). A human being gains freedom, by exercising freewill in a positive and productive way. People make choices in daily life, choices that affect the ability to live a free life. When one chooses to go counter to the common good, a human being chooses slavery, slavery to the consequences of one’s choice. †The more one does what is good, the freer one becomes. There is no true freedom except in the service of what is good and just. The choice to disobey and do evil is an abuse of freedom and leads to â€Å"the slavery of sin† (Catechism, 1733). When a human chooses not to listen to their conscience one chooses to listen to the voice of evil, when that happens, a human being has just entered in to a slave/master relationship. With them being the slave. Freedom allows one to make choices that benefit themselves and more importantly the world around them. Freedom demands of one, or rather obligates one to concern ourselves with the affairs of the world around us. If you look at the world around a human being, countries where freedom is lacking, the overall population is less concerned with their fellow man, then in a freer society. The same can be said of individuals, the more freedom a human being has, and the more responsible one acts to other, on the whole.

Disregard of Moral Values Lead to Unethical Deeds Essay

This greed for money has crossed the limits of all ethical standards, regard and consideration for fellow men, or sympathy and compassion. All these things seem to have gone with the wind and are among the major casualties of the post-independence period. This development can be considered quite a new one, probably an accompaniment of the modern technological development which is . taking place rapidly in this country, as the malaise has especially afflicted the young and the middle aged people. The increasing attraction towards the modern glamorous lifestyles, big cars and bungalows, gorgeous dresses and jewellery has such effect on people that they would not hesitate to resort tovalues all means, unfair to acquire wealth and all luxuries of life. This mad obsession for reaching the top is the dream of everybody, and as such the moral and ethical values do not seem to have any place. Morality is often defined as the doctrine of actions right or wrong it is synonymous with ethics. Moralists are selfless and preach justice in every sphere of life. If people tend to observe morals, they will constitute a healthy and sound society. Morality knows nothing of the geographical boundaries or distinctions of race or color in modern age, the traditional values which are in themselves moral and symbols of rectitude, have been radically transformed. Most of the principles are in a flux and human convictions based a rich human experience are in the melting pot. Obsessions with circumstances and the peculiar conditions prevailing in a region have proved so overpowering that everything else is thrown overboard. Excessive wealth does not necessarily promote culture and intelligence. In fact, the ostentatious and luxurious living that wealth promotes, causes a notable deterioration in character and conception of values. Rarely do highly intelligent people, famous writers or artiest belong to rich families. Since wealth itself has the habit of diminishing fast, most of those who possess it go to any extent, even to the adoption of unethical practices and dishonesty to acquire more wealth. This leads to further decay and deterioration of character. India’s Poet Laureate, Rabindra Nath Tagore warned. â€Å"Greed of wealth and power can never have a limit; a compromise on self-control can never attain the final spirit of reconciliation.

buy custom Learning Curves essay

buy custom Learning Curves essay Nowadays some people decide not to get higher education, finding such excuses as high unemployment rates and low salaries. However, studying is as significant as it was several decades ago. Hence, uneducated people will probably regret not getting a degree. The older a person gets, the harder it becomes to memorize much information. Thus, it is advisable not to delay studying. Although life circumstances are not always favoring for studying, there are such factors as parenting, socioeconomics, and technology that contribute to the enhancement of students learning process, and a person should take advantage of them. Parents influence their child's learning process. First of all, parents are the closest people for a child. Thus, a child often copies the behavior of parents. To exert a strong impact on childs willingness to study, parents should set a good example. For instance, they may show their child that even though they are grown-up, they still want to learn something new about the world. They may watch interesting documentaries and read scientific journals. In this case, the child will realize that it is never late to learn something. Parents should also teach their child how to be fond of studying. Undoubtedly, it is not easy, and somebody may argue that it is teachers but not parents task. However, it will be easier for teachers not to start from the very beginning. Parents should turn studying into a play, and the child will be more interested in this activity. It is more than significant for parents not to push their child hard. All parents would like their offspring to become the best and the smartest. To achieve it, they often start to deprive a child of childhood and make him or her study hard instead of playing or going for a walk. People observe that the result is quite the contrary: the child will start hating the studying process. Instead of pushing hard, parents hould explain that learning is significant. They should not underestimate the child. When it comes time to choose a future career, parents should let their child make a decision. They should not interfere into this process because, at that age, the offspring should realize that it is his or her life, and it is time to know how to live it. Parents should understand that if they make this choice, then it is doubtful that the child will like the future occupation or even manage to obtain a degree. Another way for parents to facilitate the childs learning process is to remain understanding. If a child loves studying, parents should not overload him or her with household duties. If a child starts to was h the dishes instead of writing a report, then it will probably have a negative effect on his or her studying process. Parents should realize that a day is limited, and their child does not have time for accomplishing all the tasks. Technology also positively influences a students learning process. Firstly, technologies save much time. Nowadays, few students think that their lives are easy. However, they do not even imagine the way they would perform if there were no technologies. If the Internet did not exist, a student would have to spend hours sitting in libraries and looking for the necessary information. It is observed that students do not often visit libraries anymore. Instead, they use the Internet. Secondly, technological development allows a student to receive more information. The existence of large databases and online libraries allows learners to gain as much knowledge as they wish. Technologies let people get familiar with and analyze different views. The usage of technologies is also beneficial because it makes it possible for instructors to check students papers for plagiarism. Without doubt, an instructor is not able to know everything in the world, so the absence of technologies would create man y opportunitiies for students to cheat. Lastly, technologies make a studying process more engaging. Technologies allow instructors to diversify assignments that they give to students. For example, a professor may ask students to make a PowerPoint presentation. Thus, the task will be interesting and creative, not a boring one. Socioeconomics impacts on the learning process in a good way as well. Nowadays, a person who has a degree is more likely to find a job with a high salary. Companies that hire people take into account their education because it ensures that a person has certain basic skills, required knowledge, and some experience. Thus, the possibility to receive good money after graduation inspires students to study harder. Fortunately, there is a variety of job opportunities due to the existence of the market economy. It makes a student feel confident that he or she will have a chance to send resumes to other companies in case one of them disagrees to hire him or her. It is observed that a student studies better if he or she realizes that companies require different specialists to work for them. Therefore, their profession will certainly be useful in the future. Moreover, the possibility of further development also encourages students to learn more while studying. In case an individual does not hav e a degree, he or she realizes that it is almost impossible to become a manager of a restaurant after working as a waitperson for two years. Socioeconomics opens more doors for a person. This way, students know that they may climb the career ladder. To sum up, parents, technology, and socioeconomics have a positive impact on students learning process. All factors under consideration create a positive environment for a person to develop and gain much information. They also make a person sure about the reasons to study and possible outcomes of this difficult and time-consuming process. Buy custom Learning Curves essay

Wishes to Write on a Chinese New Year Lantern

Wishes to Write on a Chinese New Year Lantern Chinese New Year includes two weeks of celebration with most activities taking place on just three days: New Years Eve, New Years Day, and Lantern Festival, which is celebrated on the last day of Chinese New Year. Heres what you should know about the Lantern Festival, including the symbolism of the celebration and which characters to write on your own lantern to wish in Chinese. What Is the Chinese New Year Lantern Festival? Every year, on the last day of Chinese New Year, families from Taiwan to China place colorful lanterns outside their homes and launch them into the night sky. Each lantern corresponds to a particular wish the family has for the new year, with the colors  having various meanings. For example, sending off a red lantern represents a wish for good fortune, while orange symbolizes money and white symbolizes good health. There are many stories about why this festival takes places. For example, in one of the origin legends, Emperor Qinshihuang, the first emperor to unite China, held the first Lantern Festival to ask Taiyi, the ancient god of heaven, for health and good weather. In another of these legends, which is rooted in Taoism, the Lantern Festival was first put on to celebrate the birthday of Tianguan, the god of good fortune. Other explanations center around the Jade Emperor, and a maid named Yuan Xiao. Wish in Chinese: What to Write on Your Lantern The festival has changed a lot over the years. Simple handheld paper lanterns have been replaced with elaborate  colorful lanterns of all shapes and sizes. But the tradition of sending wishes to be granted into the sky has remained. Many revelers enjoy writing riddles or wishes on the lanterns before sending them airborne. Here are some examples of what you may want to write on your own lantern, include the Chinese symbols and pronunciation. Onward and upward:  Ã¦ ­ ¥Ã¦ ­ ¥Ã© «ËœÃ¦Ëœâ€¡ (bà ¹ bà ¹ gÄ oshÄ“ng)Good health:  Ã¨ º «Ã© «â€Ã¥  ¥Ã¥ º · (shÄ“ntÇ  jinkÄ ng)All wishes come true:  Ã¥ ¿Æ'æÆ' ³Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¦Ë†  (xÄ «n xiÇŽng shà ¬ chà ©n)Be happy and carry laughter all the time:  Ã§ ¬â€˜Ã¥  £Ã¥ ¸ ¸Ã©â€"‹ (xio kÇ’u chng kÄ i)Business will grow and get better:  Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¦ ¥ ­Ã¨â€™ ¸Ã¨â€™ ¸Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¤ ¸Å Ã©â€"‹ (shà ¬yà ¨ zhÄ“ng zhÄ“ngrà ¬ shngkÄ i)Everything will be lucky and go smoothly:  Ã¨  ¬Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ â€° (wnshà ¬djà ­)Things will happen as you wish:  Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦â€ž Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥ ¿Æ'æÆ' ³Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¦Ë†  (shà ¬ shà ¬ rà ºyà ¬, xÄ «n xiÇŽng shà ¬ chà ©ng)Pass an entrance exam and get enrolled in a school:  Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã¦ ¦Å"é ¡Å'Ã¥   (jÄ «nbÇŽng tà ­mà ­ng)Harmonious family and prosperous life:  Ã¥ ® ¶Ã¥â€™Å'è  ¬Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¨Ë†Ë† (jiÄ  hà © wnshà ¬ xÄ «ng)Work smoothly:  Ã¥ · ¥Ã¤ ½Å"é  â€ Ã¥Ë† © (gÃ… ngzuà ² shà ¹nlà ¬)Quick ly find Mr. Right:  Ã¦â€" ©Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦â€° ¾Ã¥Ë† °Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦â€ž Ã©Æ'Žå â€º (zÇŽorà ¬ zhÇŽodo rà ºyà ¬ lng jÃ… «n)Make a fortune:  Ã¨ ³ ºÃ©Å' ¢Ã§â„¢ ¼Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¨ ² ¡ (zhunqin fÄ  d ci) Whatever your wish, Chinese New Year can be a wonderful opportunity to set the tone for the year ahead.

Bailing out Corporate America - Reflective Paper Research

Bailing out Corporate America - Reflective - Research Paper Example Sound familiar, as you can see, it was written in 1991. This very same scenario can be seen in new articles from 1943, 1980, 1991, and now 2008. The American people say that they do not want to reward greed by bailing out the corporations but greed is not the real problem. The real problem is that it fails the American dream. How might we define the American dream? It is more than cars and money. James Adams was the first to actually attempt to define it. That definition was of â€Å"a land in which life could be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.† This is a dream that European upper classes might have some difficulty in interpreting and now many of our own are having trouble hanging on to. Americans have become weary and mistrustful of it. It is a dream about a social order in which each man and woman shall attain their fullest potential of which they are innately capable of being recognized by others for what they are regardless of the circumstances from which they came. This is the dream that is being lost to Americans who are working hard and losing to companies who are not. From the time we are young children, we are taught, if we work hard and do well, we will be rewarded. Essential to the American dream is the belief that you will be rewarded if you are successful. This is so much a part of the society and culture that it also becomes part of the ethics of the culture. If you work hard throughout your life, you will have what you want and maybe more. This is where the anger really comes from. Greed is part of the American dream. All Americans are greedy. Americans do not hope to have just enough, they hope to have everything they can get but they expect to get it by working hard, doing a good job, and being successful (Sandel, 2009) anything else is considered theft. Why then, are we rewarding with millions of dollars those companies

Comparing Larry McMurtry's Lonesome Dove to the Reality of the Essay

Comparing Larry McMurtry's Lonesome Dove to the Reality of the American West - Essay Example This is also an obvious example on how the Americans try to look for the thrill in the midst of the challenges and once again, rise and see the co-called modern reality of boundary expansion. Going back to the story, we can recall that each character has different internal conflicts that make up and or create their identity. A brief example of this is Woodrow Call and Augustus McCrae who have different persuasions and trips in life. Call is a loner which solely justifies his need for distance seeing that he is a very responsible person and a leader in image as seen and felt by people around him. McCrae on the other hand has his on longing for love and acceptance from Lorena Wood which in the end, only after he dies shall he get upon the realization of Wood that the short time marriage that MacCrae offered at the middle part of the story is indeed significant. Other characters also have their own mini conflict if that is the perfect way to see it, and these conflicts when joined all together will form one particular dilemma that can only be triggered by Call and McCrae's wanting to travel and search for the best time in their lives traveling away from the Lonesome Dove. It is surprising and or rather ironic to know that while the title suggests of the name of the place where the characters belong and where their identities are formed, the events happen away from the place of the subject. The characters are moving away from their identities which can all be related to the idea of American expansion. By the time the story is written, in the late 80' s to be specific, Americans have been struggling to fight against the Indians, all for the sake of land. This issue on land can all bring us back to the movies that proliferated in the early 80's with a topic of mostly protecting the boundaries which in history Americans try to defend. In short, this story of the Lonesome Dove presents to us a myth like art which can be seen as a rationalization of the movement being made in history, the movement of development from the part of the Americans and even from the European people as they join the world in settling for a culture that will soon be part of their identity and social living. However, the movie is not enough to conclude white male supremacy and its longing for Western expansion because it will be a harsh generalization to say such idea exists when others, specifically those in Europe are themselves finding a way to move to different directions to look for lands to toil and improve. The decline of the western as a commercially viable film and television genre in the 1970s and 1980s is not tied only to its traditional association with white male supremacy, however. After all, other currently popular action genres, including those that have absorbed some of the western's traditional thematic concerns, are similarly dominated by white male protagonists (e.g., the science fiction film: The Road Warrior "solves" the problem of the vanished wilderness by blowing up the world and starting from scratch, placing Mad Max as the reluctant and cynical avatar of a new civilization in a post-apocalyptic frontier). Rather, the western was rendered obsolete primarily because of its close ties with the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century myth of free-enterprise capitalism. In the present postindustrial era, as more and more people find themselves permanently un- or

Comparison and contrast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Comparison and contrast - Research Paper Example This is due to various reasons to be covered later in the paper. In this paper, we shall compare and contrast variations between the Twilight book by Stephanie Meyer and the twilight movie. The twilight saga is a series of young fantasy of a young girl who falls in love with a vampire. It was in 2005 that Stephanie Meyers published the twilight saga as the first part of the series in hardcopy. It was among the many nominations as the best selling book in the States. Later director Catherine Hardwicke adapted a film from the novel Twilight and released it on November 8, 2008 (Baptiste 10). The young seventeen year old girl, Bella Swan falls in love with a handsome young vampire, Edward Cullen. Their relationship is faced by many challenges due to the fact that Bella is human and Edward is a vampire. Edward has to fight off the urge to hurt Bells due to the blood scent (Meyer 42). There also exists a feud between the vampires and the wolves. In the wolf territory a young and handsome man falls in love with Bella too. But their love scene is dwelled more in the next series which is the new moon. In this first series, Bella finds out that she is in trouble from a vampire tracker, James. She attends a vampire baseball game and from that time James hunts for her blood. The vampire family attempt to save Bella from James, but finally he catches her. Later on they save her and kill James. Edward then promises to love her and take care of her as long they are together. It is a romantic young love story basically but with fiction about vampires. This is the saga we are going t o analyze the comparison of plot development of the book and the movie. Some reasons why the movies may be disappointed would be due to various reasons. There could be changes, omissions, additions and many more. In the Twilight movie a lot of things do not match along with the book. In most movies this is done to give the movie the proper length. This is especially the omissions of

Panera Bread Essay Example for Free

Panera Bread Essay What are the Panera Bread’s primary sources of competitive advantage? In your judgment, are these sources of advantages sustainable? Why or why not? Panera’s primary sources of competitive advantage are: (1) the distinctive nature of its bakery products, (2) its brand strength, (3) the atmosphere of its restaurants, and (4). its position in the restaurant industry Yes,Panera Bread Co. (NASDAQ: PNRA) operates the signature restaurant chain Panera Bread, selling hand-crafted breads, sandwiches, salads, and drinks. Panera Bread bakery-cafes are often associated with the concept of â€Å"fast casual†, a mixture between fast food and more upscale casual dining. Customers still pay for their food at the counter, like a traditional fast food restaurant, but Panera arranges tables and chairs to be conducive to group meetings. Most Panera Bread restaurants are located in suburban strip malls and regional malls. As of December 29, 2009, Panera had 1,380 bakery-cafes, spanning 38 states, as well as some locations in Canada. Traditionally, companies like Panera have suffered in recessions, which decrease the frequency with which consumers eat out at restaurants. 1] However, Panera’s strategy during the recession has been â€Å"to stay consistent and not to react to the recession†, keeping costs constant and offering new salads and sandwiches. [2] As a result, Panera’s â€Å"fast casual† niche (between casual dining and fast food) contributes to its relative success; this positioning allowed it to avoid discounting wars and maintain its margins by attracting customers with a higher quality product perceived to be a good value for the money. Panera bread has a great meal of Bacon Turkey Bravo with 28G of fat per meal.

In this essay I will be investigating the fate and characteristics of

In this essay I will be investigating the fate and characteristics of a tragic hero in a play A View From The Bridge written by Arthur Miller. The character discussed in this essay is a longshoreman named Eddie Carbone. In this essay I will be investigating the fate and characteristics of a tragic hero in a play "A View From The Bridge" written by Arthur Miller. The character discussed in this essay is a longshoreman named Eddie Carbone - a responsible family man living in the rough neighborhoods of Red hook, Brooklyn, New York. A Sicilian community bound by a strict social code. Eddie's credentials are compared against Aristotle's view of a tragic hero " one who is neither villainous or virtuous, moving from a high happy status to a miserable one through some frailty or error in judgment." Through out the play we witness the development of this as we see Eddie fall from his high status in the community to losing everything, his family, respected name in the community and even his life. By witnessing his downfall (nemesis) the audience is moved to pity (pathos) because he suffers from a frailty that we recognize which could have happen to us. This is what makes him a tragic hero. Although fate plays a large part in his downfall, much of the events conspiring against him are caused by his flawed characteristics and wrong doings. So in this essay I will be determining whether Eddie Carbone disserves our pity. Eddie Carbone is respected in his community, seen as a reliable dominant longshoreman who "was as good as a man he had to be in a life that was hard and even." His name represents a lot in his community and brings pride back home. He is a caring family man, Beatrice usually gives in to his dema... ...he cruel reality of the society. Being an uncle, the level of incest is not as strong compared to father and daughter relationship. The gap between illegal family laws is smaller creating a stronger temptation for Eddie which makes his incestuous feeling difficult to ignore. And after all "Eddie was never meant to have a destiny" Eddie has lost everything, his family, his confidence in the community, friends etcetera. Basically eddie has already been paid back for all the faults he uncontrollably committed. I believe miller has succeeded in making us feel pity for Eddie. I think Eddie has represented a lot of individuals with incest problems, shown us how easily it was to be a victim and how emotionally difficult it is to free yourself. Finding your own daughter sexually attractive is an easy thing. He has made us wonder " Is incest really that bad?"

Complementing Texts: Homer’s The Odyssey and Dante’s Inferno Essay

Ever since human beings started telling stories for entertainment or for edification, heroes have made incredible journeys against what seem like impossible odds. In the beginning, heroes often these journeys to reach a goal, often in defiance of the gods who, for whatever reason, had imposed limits upon the main character of the story. In Homer’s story, The Odyssey, this limitation is that the gods will block his way home until he speaks to the sage Tiresias. By contrast, Dante Alighieri’s character of Dante primarily seeks to find answers to his questions; that is, knowledge, as a means to find salvation. While both heroes interact with the underworld to accomplish their aims, the stories complement each other, rather than mirror each other. In many ways, Dante’s text â€Å"corrects† the story found in Homer’s work, making it suitable for Christian audiences. Careful examination of texts reveals how some of these areas differ significantly between them. Some of these differences include the nature of the underworld itself and the hero’s interaction with it, the knowledge that Odysseus’ mother has of the living world, and the shared rule of the underworld. The Nature of the Underworld and the Heroes’ Interaction with It Like Dante’s Hell, Homer’s underworld is not a pleasant place to spend eternity. It is dark and gloomy; the inhabitants have dulled senses. The underworld into which Odysseus looks is Hades, not the Elysian Fields, where heroes were blessed with eternal happiness. Rather, the â€Å"unhappy dead† live there, cursed to bleak and boring existences for the rest of eternity. The dead who exist in Hades are those who have died unburied, like Odysseus’ friend, Elpenor, who died falling from a ladder leading from Circe’s roof, as well as Tiresias and Odysseus’ unhappy mother. And yet, misery of the inhabitants is one of several similarities between the two underworlds. One interesting difference between the Homer’s Hades and Dante’s Hell is that the stories’ heroes find their entrances in extremely different locations. Odysseus finds the entrance to Hades in a harbor at the â€Å"western edge of the world,† while Dante finds the entrance to Hell in the midst of a dark wood. While these differences might seem insignificant, they are, in truth, indicative of the different purposes behind the journeys that the heroes undertake. The harbor at the end of the world represents physical distance traveled; Odysseus is on a quest to return home to Ithaca, a goal that the gods have prevented him from attaining. It is an earthly goal, however, with measurable distances that must be traversed. While the ocean that Odysseus travels provides room for a communal journey through which he attempts to bring his crew home, Dante’s dark wood provides a far narrower field. It is restrictive and personal, perhaps driven by the solitary nature of Dante’s quest for knowledge and redemption. The distance that Dante must travel, therefore, is not one of finite measurement; rather, it exists within himself. It is a spiritual journey with no physical boundaries. Ultimately, this difference is magnified by the many levels of Hell, with its myriad levels, terraces, and malboges. In addition to the differing nature of the underworld as portrayed by each poet, the nature of the interaction that each hero has with the underworld and its inhabitants also varies. In order to interact at all with the inhabitants of the underworld, both heroes must make a rite of passage. Odysseus enters the realm of Hades by making a blood sacrifice of a ram, collecting its blood in a pit. Through this offering and by offering the appropriate supplications to the gods, Odysseus is able to call forth the souls of the dead. Being surrounded by the dead causes him to become afraid; however, he regains sufficient courage to control them and to question them. The character of Dante, however, must actually pass through the gates of Hell, ‘abandoning hope’ in order to learn what he desires. Although Odysseus is in the world of the dead, he is sure enough of himself to regain control, as opposed to Dante, who relinquishes all of his control to Virgil as then enter the underworld realm. While less â€Å"heroic† than Odysseus’ actions, this submissive behavior is actually of great importance, which again is based in the heroes’ purpose in entering the underworld. It is clear, that although both heroes must enter the realm of the underworld, each for his own purpose, Odysseus does not actually travel through Hades as Dante does through Hell. Rather, the dead approach Odysseus, coming â€Å"up in a crowd from Erebos: young men and brides, old men who had suffered much, and tender maidens to whom sorrow was a new thing; others killed in battle, warriors clad in bloodstained armor† (124) all surround his sacrificial pit in response to the ram’s blood that he has offered. This difference is also a significant one and related to the point made above it. Although Odysseus immediately appears to be the supplicant, by making the blood offering that attracts the dead, he is also in control of it. The dead must do his bidding in order to feed and give him the information that he requires. By contrast, the character of Dante physically travels into the midst of the souls of the damned. While he is under his own volition, Dante is a pilgrim, who must make an effort to gain his knowledge. He follows Virgil as Virgil leads, interacting with the souls on their own level in their own environment. This difference would also make Dante’s tale more appealing to Christian audiences. Although Odysseus’ cunning and strength were admired by the audience that lived at his time, the lesson of humility that the character of Dante both learns and teaches would be considered more acceptable to Alighieri’s audience. Although he is taking the initiative to learn on his own, like a proper pilgrim he is taking instruction from a master and listening to the moral lessons set before him. For those in the audience who recognize that he might have been contemplating suicide, Dante is also in the process of repenting. Knowledge of the Living World Odysseus seeks not merely wisdom from Tiresias, but he also seeks knowledge of his future in the living world. In truth, both Tiresias and Odysseus’ mother have clear knowledge of the living world, which they freely share with him in their turn. What is more, it is accurate knowledge, which allows him to prepare for his future, should he ever arrive at his destination. In a sense, both Tiresias and Odysseus’ mother are as living beings that have merely been transported to a new existence on an alternate plane, in that they can take initiative to see what lies ahead and then share it with him. Given that in other myths inhabitants of Hades are able to travel freely between the worlds with the gods’ permission, it seems apparent that the ancient Greeks saw the underworld as a place from which people could escape to return to the living if they had enough virtue or if they had a hero to aid them. This kind of belief is opposed to both Dante’s belief and to the belief of the Christians who formed his audience. Dante’s souls, perpetually trapped in their state of torment, must continuously atone for their actions on earth. They are surrounded by the reminders of their sins, perhaps tormented by the very things that they desired in life. At times, their appearance is dramatically altered to match their crimes. The only hope for the souls in Hell is Judgment Day, at which time they may be redeemed–or they may find themselves condemned to suffer throughout eternity. Even then, redeemed souls would not interact with the living; instead, they would pass into Heaven. Once again, the difference between the two realms and their inhabitants may be explained by virtue of the perception of the audiences for which the poets were writing. To the Greeks, life in the underworld was not necessarily a punishment. Certainly, the inhabitants of the underworld could experience punishment, even that of a perpetual nature. One good example of this kind of punishment would be Sisyphus, condemned to roll a boulder to the top of a hill for eternity, only to have it escape him and roll to the bottom again before it reaches the peak. However, the underworld is a plane of existence to which all humans will eventually travel. The underworld itself is divided into sections that provide reward or punishment or which simply continues the miserable existence that people had when on earth. This difference is, once again, quite different from the perspective of the Christian audience served by Dante, which viewed the underworld for punishment only. It is this understanding of the underworld being for punishment that would also limit the dead’s interaction with the living. Dante’s dead are unable to access the living world and, when encountering the character of Dante, are unable to learn from what he tells them. They have no minds and no insight, unlike the dead that Odysseus encounters, who know that they are suffering and why and yet are unable to interact with the world of the living in order to minimize their experiences. The Shared Rule of the Underworld In The Odyssey, both Hades and his wife, Persephone, rule the underworld. Although Hades has control over the underworld as a whole, Persephone is the Queen of the Women, with the ability to overrule even her husband in control of that group. In terms of importance, while this difference might seem trivial to some readers, it is perhaps of greatest significance of all of these points. Hades is not omnipotent, in that Persephone has equal control, if not greater control in some aspects of ruling the underworld. She strikes fear in Odysseus’ heart equal to that of her husband, in that Odysseus describes Hades as â€Å"mighty,† but Persephone as being â€Å"awful,† which would be synonymous with her being terrifying. This kind of rule would be unsurprising to the ancient Greeks, who lived in a world ruled by many gods. It also paralleled the arrangement of the gods on Mount Olympus, to a certain extent: Hades and Persephone, who ruled the world of the dead, mirrored Zeus and Hera, who ruled the world of the living. To the Christians that formed Dante’s audience, this arrangement would have been more than just a little shocking. Christians worship a single God who, while He might have different and while He may employ different helpers in the angels and the saints, has dominion over the living and the dead. As with the ancient Greek deities, God and Satan somewhat mirror each other. Despite Satan’s impressive appearance in The Inferno, however, he is as much a prisoner of Hell as its other residents. In addition, Satan does not mirror God’s power; rather, he is only capable of destruction, not creation. Conclusion In many ways, Dante’s Inferno complements and corrects Homer’s The Odyssey. Both are tales that bring a hero into contact with the underworld in order to achieve a particular goal. In the case of Odysseus, this goal is worldly and finite, while in the case of Dante, the goal is spiritual and may lead to eternal salvation. Several differences, among others, that indicate the complementary and corrective nature of Dante’s work are those of the nature of the respective underworlds and the heroes’ interaction with the inhabitants, the knowledge that the dead have of the living world, and the shared rule that Hades and Persephone have over the ancient Greek underworld. The story of heroic travels through the underworld is not a new one, neither was it new when Homer wrote The Odyssey. In the days of passing history and learning through oral means, such stories were necessary teaching tools. However, each culture imposed its morals and beliefs on this kind of tale. The different between these two stories provide an excellent example of how this cultural influence stamps this kind of heroic story with differences throughout history.

Earth and Its People Edition 3 Chapter 7 Outline

The Impact of the Silk Road †¢ The Silk Road at first caused many pastoral groups to form. Eventually, rich families did settleand build large establishments. †¢ The Silk Road allowed the spread of religions ( see chart above ) such as Nestorian Christianity,Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, and Buddhism. †¢ The stirrup spread though out the Silk Road. It allowed riders to be much more stable and thuscaused military innovation. i. e. the superiority of the Tang calvary in China. The Indian Ocean Maritime System †¢The Indian Ocean Maritime System was a society of seafarers established across the IndianOcean and South China Sea. †¢ This trade system linked a network of sea trade routes from Africa to China. The main playerswere Africans, South Arabian Persian, and the  Southern Chinese people (including theIndonesians and Malays). †¢ Although much of the discoveries of new lands and waters were attributed to famous peoplesuch as Zhang Jian or Hippalus, we mus t not forget the the indigenous people of these areasalso greatly contributed to their  expansions. Origins of Contact and Trade †¢Madagascar is the world’s fourth largest island. †¢ 2000 years ago, people from one of the many Indonesian islands of Southeast Asia establishedthemselves in the mountainous land of Madagascar, 9,500 kilometers from home. †¢ These people kept much of their traditions but eventually lost most of it. [pic] The Impact of Indian Ocean Trade †¢ The precious materials wanted in  trade included ivory and minerals. †¢ Evidence of ancient copper mines has been  found in Oman in  southeastern Arabia. †¢ However, this volume of trade was  less than the amount occurring in the Mediterranean. †¢In the Indian area, the ports were small due to geographical problems such as inland monsoonwater not by the sea. †¢ E India, the Malay Peninsula, and Indonesia afforded more hospitable and densely populatedshores with e asier access to inland  populations. †¢ The empires that existed through out this Indus area never bothered to develop  as muchmaritime powers as the Greeks or  the Phoenocians did. †¢ The families around the coastal Indian area established bilingual and bicultural systems. Routes Across the Sahara Early Saharan Cultures †¢ The Sahara is broken only by the Nile River. †¢The trans-Saharan Caravan Routes were forced into existence due to the lack of water in manyareas. †¢ Before the Sahara became dry (pre 2500 B. C. E. ), this area was quite wet with a diverse group of  animals. †¢ Many believe that people from Mediterranean civilizations such as the Minoans, Mycenaeans, orRomans may have rode chariots into  the Saharan deserts. However, this evidence is lacking. [pic] Trade Across the Sahara †¢ Traders developed into two groups: the north and south. †¢ The North primarily focused on salt  trade. †¢ People from the souther Sahel brought forest and  agriculture goods.Sub-Saharan Africa A challenging Geography †¢ The use of rivers was limited by the many rapids in the rivers. †¢ The Southern Sahara area was limited and surrounded by many obstacles such as  the Niger,Zaire, Senegal Rivers, the Red  Sea, the Saharan Desert, etc. †¢ South of the Sahara are the steppes and savanna rain forests. These places were difficult totraverse. The Development of Cultural Unity †¢ â€Å"Anthropologists call â€Å"Great Traditions† those that typically include a written language, commonlegal and belief systems, ethical codes, and other intellectual attitudes.They loom large inwritten records as traditions that rise above the diversity of local  customs and beliefs commonlydistinguished as â€Å"small traditions. †Ã¢â‚¬  †¢ The elite culture in the sub-Saharan area turned the area into a Great Tradition area. †¢ This area is home to ~ 2000 languages. African Cultural Char acteristics †¢ African culture is shaped by the geographically different conditions of the lands. †¢ The post ice age time caused the diverse group of people to form. †¢ Although the population flourished at first, the  increase in dryness over the long period of  timecaused the diverse groups of people to  recede into specific areas.The Advent of Iron and the Bantu Migrations †¢ Agriculture started in the 2nd millennium B. C. E. and spread southward from the area by theSahara. †¢ Archaeology has also uncovered traces of copper mining in  the Sahara from the early  firstmillennium B. C. E. †¢ Copper smelting was during 400 C. E. †¢ Iron smelting was around the 1st millennium C. E. †¢ The Africans of Bantu probably figured out  how to smelt iron by themselves. The Spread of Ideas Ideas and Material Evidence †¢ In SE Asian, pig domestication was extremely important. †¢ Coinage in Anatolia and Europe was extremely popular. A t the same time coinage in China was also very popular. The Spread of Buddhism †¢ Please See The Above Image and Your Religious Charts The Spread of Christianity †¢ Please see Religious Chart ______________________________________________________ CHAPTER OUTLINE I. The Silk Road | | | |A. Origins and Operations | | 1. The Silk Road was an overland route that linked China to the Mediterranean world via Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia. There were two periods of heavy use of the Silk Road: (1) 150 b. c. e. –907 c. e. and (2) the thirteenth through seventeenth centuries c. e. 2. The origins of the Silk Road trade may be located in the occasional trading of Central Asian nomads.Regular, large-scale trade was fostered by the Chinese demand for western products (particularly horses) and by the Parthian state in northeastern Iran and its control of the markets in Mesopotamia. 3. In addition to horses, China imported alfalfa, grapes, and a variety of other new crops a s well as medicinal products, metals, and precious stones. China exported peaches and apricots, spices, and manufactured goods including silk, pottery, and paper. | |B. The Impact of the Silk Road 1. Turkic nomads, who became the dominant pastoralist group in Central Asia, benefited from the trade. Their elites constructed houses, lived settled lives, and became interested in foreign religions including Christianity, Manicheanism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and (eventually) Islam. 2. Central Asian military technologies, particularly the stirrup, were exported both east and west, with significant consequences for the conduct of war. | | II.The Sasanid Empire, 224-600 CE A. Politics and Society 1. The Sasanid kingdom was established in 224 and controlled the areas of Iran and Mesopotamia. 2. The Sasanid Empire made Zoroastrianism its official religion. The Byzantine Empire made Christianity its official religion. Both Zoroastrianism and Christianity were intolerant of other religions. 3. In the third century Mani of Mesopotamia founded a religion whose beliefs centered around the struggle between Good and Evil. Mani was killed by the Sasanid shah, but Manichaeism spread widely in Central Asia.Arabs had some awareness of these religions conflicts and knew about Christianity. III. The Indian Ocean Maritime System | | | | A. Origins of Contact and Trade | | 1.There is evidence of early trade between ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. This trade appears to have broken off as Mesopotamia turned more toward trade with East Africa. 2. Two thousand years ago, Malay sailors from Southeast Asia migrated to the islands of Madagascar. These migrants, however, did not retain communications or trade with their homeland. | | B. The Impact of Indian Ocean Trade 1. What little we know about trade in the Indian Ocean system before Islam is gleaned largely from a single first century c. . Greco-Egyptian text,  The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea. This account describes a trading system that must have been well established and flourishing when the account was written. The goods traded included a wide variety of spices, aromatic resins, pearls, Chinese pottery, and other luxury goods. The volume of trade was probably not as high as in the Mediterranean. 2. The culture of the Indian Ocean ports was often isolated from that of their hinterlands. In the western part of the Indian Ocean, trading ports did not have access to large inland populations of potential consumers.Even in those eastern Indian and Malay peninsula ports that did have access to large inland populations, the civilizations did not become oriented toward the sea. 3. Traders and sailors in the Indian Ocean system often married local women in the ports that they frequented. These women thus became mediators between cultures. | | IV. Routes Across the Sahara | |A. Early Saharan Cultures | | 1. Undateable rock paintings in the highland areas that separate the southern from the northern Sa hara indicate the existence of an early Saharan hunting culture that was later joined by cattle breeders who are portrayed as looking rather like contemporary West Africans. 2. The artwork indicates that the cattle breeders were later succeeded by horse herders who drove chariots.There is no evidence to support the earlier theory that these charioteers might have been Minoan or Mycenaean refugees. But there is also no evidence to show us either their origins or their fate. 3. The highland rock art indicates that camel riders followed the charioteers. The camel was introduced from Arabia and its introduction and domestication in the Sahara was probably related to the development of the trans-Saharan trade. Written evidence and the design of camel saddles and patterns of camel use indicate a south-to-north diffusion of camel riding. . The camel made it possible for people from the southern highlands of the Sahara to roam the desert and to establish contacts with the people of the nort hern Sahara. | | B. Trade Across the Sahara 1. Trade across the Sahara developed slowly when two local trading systems, one in the southern Sahara and one in the north, were linked. Traders in the southern Sahara had access to desert salt deposits and exported salt to the sub-Saharan regions in return for kola nuts and palm oil.Traders in the north exported agricultural products and wild animals to Italy. | | V. Sub-Saharan Africa | | A. A Challenging Geography | | 1. Sub-Saharan Africa is a large area with many different environmental zones and many geographical obstacles to movement. . Some of the significant geographical areas are the Sahel, the tropical savanna, the tropical rain forest of the lower Niger and Zaire, the savanna area south of the rain forest, steppe and desert below that, and the temperate highlands of South Africa. | | B. The Development of Cultural Unity 1. Scholars draw a distinction between the â€Å"great traditions† of ruling elite culture in a ci vilization and the many â€Å"small traditions† of the common people. . In sub-Saharan Africa no overarching â€Å"great tradition† developed. Sub-Saharan Africa is a vast territory of many â€Å"small traditions. † Historians know very little about the prehistory of these many â€Å"small traditions† and their peoples. 3. African cultures are highly diverse. The estimated two thousand spoken languages of the continent and the numerous different food production systems reflect the diversity of the African ecology and the difficulty of communication and trade between different groups.Another reason for the long dominance of â€Å"small traditions† is that no foreign power was able to conquer Africa and thus impose a unified â€Å"great tradition. † | | C. African Cultural Characteristics 1. Despite their diversity, African cultures display certain common features that attest to an underlying cultural unity that some scholars have called †Å"Africanity. † 2. One of these common cultural features is a concept of kingship in which kings are ritually isolated and oversee societies in which the people are arranged in age groups and kinship ivisions. 3. Other common features include cultivation with the hoe and digging stick, the use of rhythm in African music, and the functions of dancing and mask wearing in rituals. 4. One hypothesis offered to explain this cultural unity holds that the people of sub-Saharan Africa are descended from the people who occupied the southern Sahara during its â€Å"wet period† and migrated south the Sahel, where their cultural traditions developed. | | D. The Advent of Iron and the Bantu Migrations 1.Sub-Saharan agriculture had its origins north of the equator and then spread southward. Iron working also began north of the equator and spread southward, reaching southern Africa by 800 c. e. 2. Linguistic evidence suggests that the spread of iron and other technology in sub-Saharan Africa was the result of a phenomenon known as the Bantu migrations. 3. The original homeland of the Bantu people was in the area on the border of modern Nigeria and Cameroon. Evidence suggests that the Bantu people spread out toward the east and the south through a series of migrations over the period of the first millennium c. . By the eight century, Bantu-speaking people had reached East Africa. | | IV. The Spread of Ideas | | A. Ideas and Material Evidence | | 1. It is extremely difficult, sometimes impossible, to trace the dissemination of ideas in preliterate societies.For example, eating pork was restricted or prohibited by religious belief in Southeast Asia, in ancient Egypt, and in eastern Iran. Because Southeast Asia was an early center of pig domestication, scholars hypothesize that the pig and the religious injunctions concerning eating the pig traveled together toward the west. This has not been proved. 2. Another difficult problem involves the invention of coins. In the Mediterranean world, the coins were invented in Anatolia and spread from there to Europe, North Africa, and India.Chinese made cast copper coins—was this inspired by the Anatolian example? There is no way of knowing. | | B. The Spread of Buddhism 1. The spread of ideas in a deliberate and organized fashion such that we can trace it is a phenomenon of the first millennium c. e. This is particularly the case with the spread of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. 2. The spread of Buddhism was facilitated both by royal sponsorship and by the travels of ordinary pilgrims and missionaries.In India, the Mauryan king Ashoka and King Kanishka of the Kushans actively supported Buddhism. Two of the most well-known pilgrims who helped to transmit Buddhism to China were the Chinese monks Faxian and Xuanzang. Both have left reliable narrative accounts of their journeys. 3. Buddhist missionaries from India traveled to a variety of destinations: west to Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia, as well as to Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and Tibet. 4. Buddhism was changed and further developed in the lands to which it spread.Theravada Buddhism became dominant in Sri Lanka, Mahayana in Tibet, and Chan (Zen) in East Asia. | | C. The Spread of Christianity 1. Armenia was an important entrepot for the Silk Road trade. Mediterranean states spread Christianity to Armenia in order to bring that kingdom over to its side and thus deprive Iran of control of this area. 2. The transmission of Christianity to Ethiopia was similarly linked to a Mediterranean Christian attempt to deprive Iran of trade.